「〜てはならない」- Prohibition
Explanation
〜てはならない is a Japanese grammatical structure used to express prohibition, meaning "must not" or "cannot." This pattern emphasizes that a certain action is strictly forbidden. It is formed by attaching the て-form of a verb to はならない.
Grammar Pattern
Grammar Point | Connection | Explanation |
---|---|---|
Verb て-form + はならない | Verb て-form + はならない | This structure is used to clearly prohibit an action, often carrying a strong sense of warning or prohibition. |
Basic Usage and Examples
This structure is typically used in formal or written contexts to express strong prohibitions or warnings. Compared to 〜てはいけない, 〜てはならない carries a more serious tone.
Examples
そんな 小さな こと で自分 の人生 を放 り捨 ててはならない 。- Sonna chiisana koto de jibun no jinsei o hourisute te wa naranai.
- You must not abandon your life over such trivial matters.
ここ にごみ を捨 ててはならない 。- Koko ni gomi o sute te wa naranai.
- You must not throw trash here.
約束 を破 ってはならない 。- Yakusoku o yabutte wa naranai.
- You must not break promises.
Deep Dive
1. Basic Concept
〜てはならない expresses that a certain action is absolutely not allowed under any circumstances. This tone is more formal and absolute compared to 〜てはいけない.
どんな 理由 があっても、人 を傷 つけてはならない 。- Donna riyuu ga atte mo, hito o kizutsuke te wa naranai.
- No matter the reason, you must not hurt others.
自分 の利益 のために他人 を利用 してはならない 。- Jibun no rieki no tame ni tanin o riyou shi te wa naranai.
- You must not exploit others for your own benefit.
Comparison and Differences
〜てはならない vs 〜てはいけない
Usage Context | 〜てはならない | 〜てはいけない |
---|---|---|
Applicability | Written or formal contexts | Everyday conversations |
Tone | Stronger, more absolute | Relatively milder, more colloquial |
Example Comparison
学校 で走 ってはならない 。- Gakkou de hashitte wa naranai.
- You must not run in school. (More formal)
学校 で走 ってはいけない 。- Gakkou de hashitte wa ikenai.
- You must not run in school. (Everyday usage)
Common Mistakes
Be careful not to confuse this structure with 〜てはない, which is a negative sentence pattern meaning "is not."
彼 は先生 ではない。- Kare wa sensei de wa nai.
- He is not a teacher.
Real-Life Scenarios
- In school regulations, 〜てはならない is often used to clearly prohibit certain actions, for example:
授業 中 に携帯電話 を使 ってはならない 。- Jugyou chuu ni keitai denwa o tsukatte wa naranai.
- You must not use mobile phones during class.
- In the workplace, it can be used to emphasize professional ethics:
職場 でのハラスメント はしてはならない 。- Shokuba de no harasumento wa shite wa naranai.
- Harassment must not occur in the workplace.
Summary
〜てはならない is an important Japanese grammatical structure used to express the prohibition of certain actions. It is particularly common in formal or written contexts. By understanding and mastering this structure, you can more effectively convey prohibitions and warnings in Japanese.
Example Summary
約束 の時間 に遅 れてはならない 。- Yakusoku no jikan ni okurete wa naranai.
- You must not be late for the agreed time.
どんなに 忙 しくても、健康 を疎 かにしてはならない 。- Donnani isogashikute mo, kenkou o orosoka ni shite wa naranai.
- No matter how busy you are, you must not neglect your health.