Vocabulary
Transportation-related Words
道路[どうろ]① Road, street, noun
- この道路はとても広いです。
- Kono douro wa totemo hiroi desu.
- This road is very wide.
高速道路[こうそくどうろ]⑤ Highway, noun
- 高速道路を走ると、時間が節約できます。
- Kousoku douro wo hashiru to, jikan ga setsuyaku dekimasu.
- Driving on the highway saves time.
空港[くうこう]⓪ Airport, noun
- 空港までタクシーで行きます。
- Kuukou made takushii de ikimasu.
- I will take a taxi to the airport.
交通量[こうつうりょう]③ Traffic volume, noun
- この時間帯は交通量が多いです。
- Kono jikantai wa koutsuuryou ga ooi desu.
- Traffic volume is high during this time.
渋滞[じゅうたい]します Traffic jam, verb
- 交通が渋滞しています。
- Koutsuu ga juutai shiteimasu.
- There is a traffic jam.
Work-related Words
部品工場[ぶひんこうじょう]④ Parts factory, noun
- この部品工場は自動車部品を生産しています。
- Kono buhin koujou wa jidousha buhin o seisan shiteimasu.
- This parts factory produces car parts.
給料[きゅうりょう]① Salary, noun
- 今月の給料はいつですか。
- Kongetsu no kyuuryou wa itsu desu ka.
- When is this month's salary?
専門[せんもん]⓪ Specialization, noun
- 彼の専門はコンピューターサイエンスです。
- Kare no senmon wa konpyuutaa saiensu desu.
- His specialization is computer science.
Life-related Words
今夜[こんや]① Tonight, noun
- 今夜は映画を見に行きます。
- Konya wa eiga o mi ni ikimasu.
- I will go watch a movie tonight.
時差[じさ]① Time difference, noun
- 日本と中国の時差は1時間です。
- Nihon to Chuugoku no jisa wa 1-jikan desu.
- The time difference between Japan and China is one hour.
絵本[えほん]② Picture book, noun
- 子供たちは絵本が大好きです。
- Kodomotachi wa ehon ga daisuki desu.
- Children love picture books.
Verbs
泊[と]まります Stay overnight, verb
- 旅館に泊まります。
- Ryokan ni tomarimasu.
- I will stay at a ryokan.
結[むす]びます Connect, verb
- これは空港と北京市街を結ぶ高速道路だ。
- Kore wa kuukou to Pekin shigai o musubu kousoku douro da.
- This is a highway connecting the airport and downtown Beijing.
取[と]ります Take, pick up, verb
- メモを取ります。
- Memo o torimasu.
- I will take notes.
Adjectives
豊[ゆた]か① Abundant, rich, adjective
- 彼は豊かな生活を送っています。
- Kare wa yutaka na seikatsu o okutteimasu.
- He leads a rich life.
大きな① Big, attributive adjective
- 大きな家に住みたいです。
- Ookina ie ni sumitai desu.
- I want to live in a big house.
Other Words
この辺り This area, noun
- この辺りにはたくさんのお店があります。
- Kono atari ni wa takusan no omise ga arimasu.
- There are many shops in this area.
別[べつ]に⓪ Not particularly, adverb
- 別におもしろいことはない。
- Betsu ni omoshiroi koto wa nai.
- There's nothing particularly interesting.
Grammar Points
1. Clause (Verb Plain Form) + Noun
Imagine you are preparing for a meeting and need to describe the meeting materials. In this case, you would use the verb plain form to modify a noun, expressing the purpose or state of the materials.
| Tense | Polite Form | Plain Form | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-past Affirmative | ～ます | Basic Form | 会議で使う資料 |
| Non-past Negative | ～ません | Negative Form | 使わない資料 |
| Past Affirmative | ～ました | Past Form | 使った資料 |
| Past Negative | ～ませんでした | Negative Past Form | 使わなかった資料 |
※ The subject of the clause is marked with 「が」.
Examples
- これは会議で使う資料です。
- Kore wa kaigi de tsukau shiryou desu.
- These are the materials to be used in the meeting.
- これは森さんが泊るホテルです。
- Kore wa Mori-san ga tomaru hoteru desu.
- This is the hotel where Mr. Mori will stay.
- インターネットで買ったチケット
- Intaanetto de katta chiketto
- Tickets bought online
2. Clause (Verb Plain Form) + Noun は ~~ です
When you want to describe the characteristics or state of something, you can use a verb clause to modify the noun as the subject.
※ The subject of the clause is marked with 「が」.
Examples
- 小野さんが作る料理はおいしいです。
- Ono-san ga tsukuru ryouri wa oishii desu.
- The dishes that Ms. Ono makes are delicious.
- 電話をかけている人は誰ですか。
- Denwa o kaketeiru hito wa dare desu ka.
- Who is the person making a phone call?
- 森さんにあげる本はこれです。
- Mori-san ni ageru hon wa kore desu.
- The book to give to Mr. Mori is this one.
3. Clause (Verb Plain Form) + Noun を／に／から
When you need to express the object or source of an action, you can use a verb clause to modify a noun followed by particles 「を」「に」「から」.
Examples
- 日本から来た森さんに中国語を教えます。
- Nihon kara kita Mori-san ni Chuugokugo o oshiemasu.
- I will teach Chinese to Mr. Mori, who came from Japan.
- 父にもらった辞書を友達に貸しました。
- Chichi ni moratta jisho o tomodachi ni kashimashita.
- I lent the dictionary I received from my father to a friend.
- 日本で撮った写真を見ました。
- Nihon de totta shashin o mimashita.
- I looked at the photos taken in Japan.
4. Clause (い-Adjective / な-Adjective / Noun) + Noun
When you need to describe the attributes of a noun, you can use adjectives or nouns to modify the noun.
| Type | Connection | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Noun | Noun+の+ Noun | 出身が関西の人 |
| い-Adjective | Adjective + Noun | 駅に近い家 |
| な-Adjective | Adjective + な + Noun | 色がきれいなＴシャツ |
Examples
- 駅に近い家を借りたいです。
- Eki ni chikai ie o karitai desu.
- I want to rent a house close to the station.
- 色がきれいなＴシャツがほしいです。
- Iro ga kirei na T-shatsu ga hoshii desu.
- I want a T-shirt with a beautiful color.
- 出身が関西の人はあまり納豆が好きじゃありません。
- Shusshin ga Kansai no hito wa amari nattou ga suki ja arimasen.
- People from Kansai don't really like natto.
Dialogue Practice
Basic
A: これは何[なん]の資料ですか。
A: Kore wa nan no shiryou desu ka.
A: What kind of materials are these?
B: これは明日会議で使う資料です。
B: Kore wa ashita kaigi de tsukau shiryou desu.
B: These are the materials to be used in tomorrow's meeting.
Workplace
A: これはどの会議で使う資料ですか。
A: Kore wa dono kaigi de tsukau shiryou desu ka.
A: Which meeting are these materials for?
B: これは明日のプロジェクト会議で使う資料です。
B: Kore wa ashita no purojekuto kaigi de tsukau shiryou desu.
B: These are the materials for tomorrow's project meeting.
Life
A: これはどこで撮った写真ですか。
A: Kore wa doko de totta shashin desu ka.
A: Where was this photo taken?
B: これは日本で撮った写真です。
B: Kore wa Nihon de totta shashin desu.
B: This photo was taken in Japan.
Cultural Knowledge
Workplace Culture
Meeting Preparation: In Japanese workplaces, preparing materials before a meeting is very important. Materials are usually distributed in advance so participants can read them beforehand.
Time Management: Japanese people highly value punctuality. Meetings usually start on time, and being late is considered impolite.
Life Culture
Living Habits: Japanese people often use 「泊まる」 to indicate short-term stays, such as at a hotel or a friend's house, while 「住む」 is used for long-term residence.
Transportation Etiquette: In Japan, people usually stand on the left side of elevators, leaving the right side for those in a hurry.
Summary and Key Points
This lesson focused on using the plain form of verbs to modify nouns, including the basic form, past tense, and negative forms in different tenses. Through the structure of clauses modifying nouns, we learned how to describe the purpose, source, and other attributes of items. Additionally, we studied vocabulary related to transportation, work, and daily life, such as roads, salary, and living arrangements.