Vocabulary
Words Related to Natural Phenomena
霧[きり]⓪ Fog, noun
~が深い Thick fog
~がかかる Fog sets in
~が晴れる Fog clears
- 今朝は霧が深かったです。
- Kesa wa kiri ga fukakatta desu.
- This morning, the fog was thick.
空[そら]① Sky, noun
- 空がとても青いです。
- Sora ga totemo aoi desu.
- The sky is very blue.
沖[おき]⓪ Offshore, noun
沖縄[おきなわ] Okinawa
- 沖に船が見えます。
- Oki ni fune ga miemasu.
- You can see a ship offshore.
気温[きおん]⓪ Temperature, noun
~が上がる Temperature rises
~を測[はか]る Measure temperature
- 今日の気温は30度です。
- Kyō no kion wa 30-do desu.
- Today's temperature is 30 degrees.
Words Related to Buildings
門[もん]① Gate, noun
~をたたく Knock on the gate
~をあける Open the gate
- 門をたたいてください。
- Mon o tataite kudasai.
- Please knock on the gate.
扉[とびら] Door, noun
- 扉を開けてください。
- Tobira o akete kudasai.
- Please open the door.
屋根[やね]① Roof, noun
屋上[おくじょう] Rooftop
- 屋根に猫がいます。
- Yane ni neko ga imasu.
- There's a cat on the roof.
Words Related to Colors
黄色[きいろ] Yellow, noun
- 黄色の花が咲いています。
- Kiiro no hana ga saite imasu.
- Yellow flowers are blooming.
緑[みどり] Green, noun
- 緑の葉がきれいです。
- Midori no ha ga kirei desu.
- The green leaves are beautiful.
茶色[ちゃいろ] Brown, noun
- 茶色の靴を履いています。
- Chairo no kutsu o haite imasu.
- I'm wearing brown shoes.
銀色[ぎんいろ] Silver, noun
- 銀色の車が走っています。
- Gin'iro no kuruma ga hashitte imasu.
- A silver car is driving by.
Words Related to Transportation
道路工事[どうろこうじ]④ Road construction, noun
- 道路工事で渋滞しています。
- Dōro kōji de jūtai shite imasu.
- There's a traffic jam due to road construction.
通勤[つうきん]⓪ Commuting, noun
毎日電車で~する Commute by train every day
通勤バス Commuter bus
通学 Commuting to school
- 毎日電車で通勤しています。
- Mainichi densha de tsūkin shite imasu.
- I commute by train every day.
Words Related to Economics
円高[えんだか]⓪ Yen appreciation, noun
~で、倒産した Went bankrupt due to yen appreciation
円安[えんやす] Yen depreciation
- 円高で輸出が減りました。
- Endaka de yushutsu ga herimashita.
- Exports decreased due to yen appreciation.
影響[えいきょう]⓪ Influence, noun
~が強い Strong influence
~がある Have an influence
- この事件は社会に大きな影響を与えました。
- Kono jiken wa shakai ni ōkina eikyō o ataemashita.
- This incident had a big impact on society.
Other Words
バック① Background, noun
- バックに山が見えます。
- Bakku ni yama ga miemasu.
- You can see mountains in the background.
貸し切り[かしきり]⓪ Private rental, noun
~バス Chartered bus
~温泉 Private hot spring
- 貸し切りバスで旅行に行きます。
- Kashikiri basu de ryokō ni ikimasu.
- I'm going on a trip by chartered bus.
一般[いっぱん]⓪ General, noun
~に知らせる Inform widely
~の会社 General company
一般席[~せき] General seating
- 一般の会社では、9時から5時まで働きます。
- Ippan no kaisha de wa, 9-ji kara 5-ji made hatarakimasu.
- In a general company, you work from 9 to 5.
祖母[そぼ]① Grandmother, noun
祖父[そふ] Grandfather
- 祖母は料理が上手です。
- Sobo wa ryōri ga jōzu desu.
- My grandmother is good at cooking.
音楽会[おんがくかい]③ Concert, noun
- 音楽会に行きました。
- Ongakukai ni ikimashita.
- I went to a concert.
ジャズ① Jazz, noun
- ジャズが好きです。
- Jazu ga suki desu.
- I like jazz.
野外[やがい]コンサート④ Outdoor concert, noun
- 野外コンサートに行きました。
- Yagai konsāto ni ikimashita.
- I went to an outdoor concert.
クジラ⓪ Whale, noun
- クジラを見ました。
- Kujira o mimashita.
- I saw a whale.
サメ⓪ Shark, noun
- サメが泳いでいます。
- Same ga oyoide imasu.
- A shark is swimming.
ユーフォー① UFO, noun
- ユーフォーを見たことがありますか。
- Yūfō o mita koto ga arimasu ka.
- Have you ever seen a UFO?
昔[むかし]⓪ Past, noun
~の人 People from the past
~から今まで From the past to the present
- 昔の話を聞きました。
- Mukashi no hanashi o kikimashita.
- I heard a story from the past.
別名[べつめい]⓪ Alias, noun
あだ名 Nickname
- 彼の別名は「天才」です。
- Kare no betsumei wa "tensai" desu.
- His alias is "Genius."
通行禁止[つうこうきんし]⓪ No entry, noun
- ここは通行禁止です。
- Koko wa tsūkō kinshi desu.
- This area is off-limits.
遠[とお]く③ Far away, noun
~から人が来た Someone came from far away
彼は今度~へ行くそうだ He's going far away next time
近く Nearby
遅く Late
- 遠くから友達が来ました。
- Tōku kara tomodachi ga kimashita.
- A friend came from far away.
村[むら]② Village, noun
- 村の景色がきれいです。
- Mura no keshiki ga kirei desu.
- The village scenery is beautiful.
見渡[みわた]します⑤ Look around, verb
全国を~ Look around the country
~限り As far as the eye can see
- ここから見渡すと、海が見えます。
- Koko kara miwatasu to, umi ga miemasu.
- Looking around from here, you can see the sea.
続[つづ]きます④ Continue, verb
8年間も~た Continued for 8 years
彼との連絡はまだ~ている Still in contact with him
つづく To be continued
- 雨が続いています。
- Ame ga tsuzuite imasu.
- It's been raining continuously.
無[な]くなります⑤ Disappear, verb
時間が~ Time runs out
自信が~ Lose confidence
人が亡くなる Someone passes away
- 鍵がなくなりました。
- Kagi ga nakunarimashita.
- The key disappeared.
育[そだ]ちます④ Grow up, verb
東京に生まれて、大阪で~た Born in Tokyo, grew up in Osaka
育てる Raise
- 子供が元気に育っています。
- Kodomo ga genki ni sodatte imasu.
- The child is growing up healthy.
増[ふ]えます③ Increase, verb
体重が~ Weight increases
雨で川の水が~た River water rose due to rain
増やす Increase
- 体重が増えました。
- Taijū ga fuemashita.
- My weight increased.
連[つ]れます③ Bring along, verb
子どもを~て、海に行く Bring the kids to the beach
歌に~、思わず踊る Dance along to the song
~連[づ]れ
子供連れ Bringing kids
ペット連れ Bringing pets
- 子供を連れて公園に行きました。
- Kodomo o tsurete kōen ni ikimashita.
- I brought the kids to the park.
欠席[けっせき]します⑥ Be absent, verb
病気で学校を~しました Absent from school due to illness
出席[しゅっせき]します Attend
- 昨日は欠席しました。
- Kinō wa kesseki shimashita.
- I was absent yesterday.
輸入[ゆにゅう]します⑤ Import, verb
輸出[ゆしゅつ]します Export
輸出入[ゆしゅつにゅう] Import and export
- この商品は輸入されています。
- Kono shōhin wa yunyū sarete imasu.
- This product is imported.
せっかく④ With great effort, adverb
~の連休なんだから、どこかへ行きましょうよ Since it's a rare holiday, let's go somewhere
~ですが、時間がないので、失礼します I came all this way, but I have to leave now
- せっかくの休みなので、旅行に行きます。
- Sekkaku no yasumi na node, ryokō ni ikimasu.
- Since it's a rare holiday, I'm going on a trip.
絶対[ぜったい]⓪ Absolutely, adverb
~に勝ってみせる I'll definitely win
~だめだ Absolutely not
- 絶対に約束を守ります。
- Zettai ni yakusoku o mamorimasu.
- I will absolutely keep my promise.
そうそう That's right, interjection
=そうです(More formal)
- そうそう、その通りです。
- Sōsō, sono tōri desu.
- That's right, exactly.
Grammar Points
1. ~て / ないで、~
This grammar is used to express performing an action while maintaining the state of the preceding action. For example, you can eat while watching TV or go out without bringing your wallet.
Basic Usage:
Form | Explanation |
---|---|
Verb て-form + て | Indicates performing the next action while maintaining the state of the first action. |
Verb ない-form + ないで | Indicates performing the next action without doing the first action. |
Examples:
- 醤油をつけて食べます。
- Shōyu o tsukete tabemasu.
- I eat with soy sauce.
- 財布を持たないで出かけました。
- Saifu o motanai de dekakemashita.
- I went out without bringing my wallet.
- 寒いから、帽子をかぶって出かけましょう。
- Samui kara, bōshi o kabutte dekakemashō.
- Since it's cold, let's go out wearing a hat.
Additional Notes:
「ないで」 can also indicate choosing between two actions that cannot be done simultaneously.
Examples:
- 日曜日はどこも行かないで、うちでゆっくりやすみます。
- Nichiyōbi wa doko mo ikanai de, uchi de yukkuri yasumimasu.
- On Sundays, I don't go anywhere and just relax at home.
- ボールペンで書かないで、鉛筆で書きましょう。
- Bōrupen de kakanai de, enpitsu de kakimashō.
- Let's not write with a ballpoint pen, but with a pencil.
2. ~ため(に)、~
This grammar is used to express a reason or cause, often in an objective description of a cause-and-effect situation. For example, due to a typhoon, the plane couldn't take off.
Basic Usage:
Form | Explanation |
---|---|
Verb dictionary form / Noun + の + ため(に) | Indicates a reason or cause. |
Examples:
- 台風のため、飛行機が飛べなくなりました。
- Taifū no tame, hikōki ga tobenaku narimashita.
- Due to the typhoon, the plane couldn't take off.
- 昨日たくさん歩いたために、今脚が痛いです。
- Kinō takusan aruita tame ni, ima ashi ga itai desu.
- Because I walked a lot yesterday, my legs hurt now.
Additional Notes:
「ため」 can also indicate purpose, and the subject of both clauses must be the same.
Examples:
- 家を買うために、朝から晩まで働いています。
- Ie o kau tame ni, asa kara ban made hataraite imasu.
- I'm working from morning to night to buy a house.
3. ~てくる / ていく
This grammar is used to express movement in space, sequential actions, or round-trip actions. For example, a bird flies in, or children run out.
Basic Usage:
Form | Explanation |
---|---|
Verb て-form + くる | Indicates movement toward the speaker. |
Verb て-form + いく | Indicates movement away from the speaker. |
Examples:
- 窓を開けると、かわいい小鳥が飛んできました。
- Mado o akeru to, kawaii kotori ga tonde kimashita.
- When I opened the window, a cute little bird flew in.
- 子供たちは喜んで走っていきました。
- Kodomotachi wa yorokonde hashitte ikimashita.
- The children happily ran away.
Dialogue Practice
Basic
A: 眼鏡をかけて本を読みます。
A: Megane o kakete hon o yomimasu.
A: I read books while wearing glasses.
B: そうですか。私も眼鏡をかけないと本が読めません。
B: Sō desu ka. Watashi mo megane o kakenai to hon ga yomemasen.
B: I see. I can't read books without glasses either.
A: 昨日は霧が深かったですね。
A: Kinō wa kiri ga fukakatta desu ne.
A: The fog was thick yesterday, wasn't it?
B: ええ、でも今は晴れていますよ。
B: Ē, demo ima wa harete imasu yo.
B: Yes, but it's sunny now.
Workplace
A: 部長は連絡せずに会議に欠席しました。
A: Buchō wa renraku sezu ni kaigi ni kesseki shimashita.
A: The manager didn't contact us and was absent from the meeting.
B: そうですか。何かあったのでしょうか。
B: Sō desu ka. Nani ka atta no deshō ka.
B: I see. Did something happen?
Daily Life
A: 子どもを連れて海に行きます。
A: Kodomo o tsurete umi ni ikimasu.
A: I'm taking the kids to the beach.
B: いいですね。楽しんできてください。
B: Ī desu ne. Tanoshinde kite kudasai.
B: That's nice. Have fun.
Cultural Knowledge
Natural Phenomena
Fog in Culture: In Japan, fog is often used to describe a sense of朦胧 beauty, especially in literature and art.
Weather and Life: Japanese people pay close attention to weather changes, especially temperature and rainfall, as they directly affect daily life and agriculture.
Social Culture
Commuting Culture: In Japan, commuting times are long, and many people spend hours on trains every day.
Family Values: In Japanese families, grandparents and grandchildren have a very close relationship, and grandparents often help take care of the children.
Summary and Key Points
This lesson focused on expressing actions with concomitance (~て / ないで) and expressing reasons (~ため). Through the structure of ~てくる / ていく, we learned how to describe the directionality and continuity of actions. Additionally, we studied vocabulary related to natural phenomena, transportation, and economics, such as fog, commuting, and yen appreciation.