Vocabulary
School-related words
高校[こうこう]⓪ High school, noun
彼は高校に通っています。
Kare wa kōkō ni kayotteimasu.
He is attending high school.
高校生[こうこうせい]⓪ High school student, noun
高校生の時、よく勉強しました。
Kōkōsei no toki, yoku benkyō shimashita.
When I was in high school, I studied a lot.
大学生[だいがくせい]⓪ College student, noun
大学生はアルバイトをすることが多いです。
Daigakusei wa arubaito o suru koto ga ōi desu.
College students often work part-time jobs.
中学生[ちゅうがくせい]⓪ Middle school student, noun
中学生の時、卓球をしていました。
Chūgakusei no toki, takkyū o shiteimashita.
When I was in middle school, I played table tennis.
小学生[しょうがくせい]⓪ Elementary school student, noun
小学生は毎日ラジオ体操をします。
Shōgakusei wa mainichi rajio taisō o shimasu.
Elementary school students do radio exercises every day.
生徒[せいと]① Student (general term for students below college level), noun
この学校の生徒はとても優秀です。
Kono gakkō no seito wa totemo yūshū desu.
The students at this school are very excellent.
Economy and life-related words
経済[けいざい]① Economy, noun
日本の経済は発展しています。
Nihon no keizai wa hatten shiteimasu.
Japan's economy is developing.
日記[にっき]⓪ Diary, noun
毎日日記をつけます。
Mainichi nikki o tsukemasu.
I write in my diary every day.
お年寄り[としより]③ Elderly person, noun
お年寄りを大切にしましょう。
O-toshiyori o taisetsu ni shimashō.
Let's cherish the elderly.
年上[としうえ]⓪ Someone older, noun
彼は私より年上です。
Kare wa watashi yori toshiue desu.
He is older than me.
年下[としした]⓪ Someone younger, noun
彼女は私より年下です。
Kanojo wa watashi yori toshishita desu.
She is younger than me.
Occupation-related words
教師[きょうし]① Teacher (profession), noun
彼は高校の教師です。
Kare wa kōkō no kyōshi desu.
He is a high school teacher.
先生[せんせい]③ Teacher (honorific), noun
先生、質問があります。
Sensei, shitsumon ga arimasu.
Teacher, I have a question.
Sports-related words
卓球[たっきゅう]⓪ Table tennis, noun
卓球は楽しいスポーツです。
Takkyū wa tanoshii supōtsu desu.
Table tennis is a fun sport.
ラジオ体操[たいそう]⓪ Radio exercises, noun
毎朝ラジオ体操をします。
Maiasa rajio taisō o shimasu.
I do radio exercises every morning.
社交ダンス[しゃこうダンス]⓪ Social dance, noun
社交ダンスを習っています。
Shakō dansu o naratteimasu.
I am learning social dance.
スポーツセンター⓪ Sports center, noun
スポーツセンターで運動します。
Supōtsu sentā de undō shimasu.
I exercise at the sports center.
~センター ~Center, noun
この町には文化センターがあります。
Kono machi ni wa bunka sentā ga arimasu.
There is a cultural center in this town.
Cost-related words
有料[ゆうりょう]⓪ Paid, noun
この駐車場は有料です。
Kono chūshajō wa yūryō desu.
This parking lot is paid.
無料[むりょう]⓪ Free, noun
このサービスは無料です。
Kono sābisu wa muryō desu.
This service is free.
費[ひ]⓪ Expense, noun
交通費は会社が負担します。
Kōtsūhi wa kaisha ga futan shimasu.
The company covers transportation expenses.
代[だい]⓪ Cost, noun
食事代はいくらですか。
Shokujidai wa ikura desu ka.
How much is the meal cost?
賃[ちん]⓪ Fee, noun
家賃は高いです。
Yachin wa takai desu.
The rent is expensive.
Transportation-related words
信号[しんごう]⓪ Traffic light, noun
信号が赤になりました。
Shingō ga aka ni narimashita.
The traffic light turned red.
青[あお]~ Green light, noun
青信号で渡ります。
Ao shingō de watarimasu.
I cross the street when the light is green.
赤[あか]~ Red light, noun
赤信号で止まります。
Aka shingō de tomarimasu.
I stop when the light is red.
黄[き]~ Yellow light, noun
黄信号で注意します。
Ki shingō de chūi shimasu.
I pay attention when the light is yellow.
Other words
大勢[おおぜい]③ Many people, noun
大勢の人が集まっています。
Ōzei no hito ga atsumatteimasu.
Many people are gathering.
アルバイト③ Part-time job (for students), noun
アルバイトを探しています。
Arubaito o sagashiteimasu.
I am looking for a part-time job.
スピーチ② Speech, noun
スピーチの準備をしています。
Supīchi no junbi o shiteimasu.
I am preparing for a speech.
説明[せつめい]⓪ Explanation, noun
詳しい説明を聞きました。
Kuwashii setsumei o kikimashita.
I heard a detailed explanation.
砂糖[さとう]② Sugar, noun
コーヒーに砂糖を入れます。
Kōhī ni satō o iremasu.
I add sugar to my coffee.
こと⓪ Formal noun, noun
勉強することは大切です。
Benkyō suru koto wa taisetsu desu.
Studying is important.
姉[あね]⓪ Older sister, noun
姉は優しいです。
Ane wa yasashii desu.
My older sister is kind.
兄[あに]⓪ Older brother, noun
兄は大学生です。
Ani wa daigakusei desu.
My older brother is a college student.
兄嫁[あによめ]⓪ Sister-in-law (used when introducing), noun
兄嫁は料理が上手です。
Aniyome wa ryōri ga jōzu desu.
My sister-in-law is good at cooking.
おじいさん② Grandfather, noun
おじいさんは元気です。
Ojīsan wa genki desu.
My grandfather is healthy.
おじさん⓪ Uncle, noun
おじさんは優しいです。
Ojisan wa yasashii desu.
My uncle is kind.
おばあさん② Grandmother, noun
おばあさんは料理が上手です。
Obāsan wa ryōri ga jōzu desu.
My grandmother is good at cooking.
おばさん⓪ Aunt, noun
おばさんは元気です。
Obasan wa genki desu.
My aunt is healthy.
Verbs
通[かよ]います Attend, commute, verb
毎日学校に通います。
Mainichi gakkō ni kayoimasu.
I attend school every day.
要[い]ります Need, verb
この仕事には時間が要ります。
Kono shigoto ni wa jikan ga irimasu.
This job requires time.
困[こま]ります Be troubled, verb
困ったことがあります。
Komatta koto ga arimasu.
I have a problem.
入[い]れます Put in, verb
コーヒーに砂糖を入れます。
Kōhī ni satō o iremasu.
I add sugar to my coffee.
集[あつ]まります Gather, verb
友達が集まります。
Tomodachi ga atsumarimasu.
Friends gather together.
看病[かんびょう]します Nurse, verb
母が看病しています。
Haha ga kanbyō shiteimasu.
My mother is nursing.
喧嘩[けんか]します Argue, verb
友達と喧嘩しました。
Tomodachi to kenka shimashita.
I argued with my friend.
相談[そうだん]します Consult, verb
先生に相談します。
Sensei ni sōdan shimasu.
I consult with the teacher.
利用[りよう]します Use, verb
図書館を利用します。
Toshokan o riyō shimasu.
I use the library.
踊[おど]ります Dance, verb
パーティーで踊ります。
Pātī de odorimasu.
I dance at the party.
Other expressions
ほかに⓪ Besides, adverb
ほかに質問はありますか。
Hoka ni shitsumon wa arimasu ka.
Do you have any other questions?
そういえば④ Speaking of which, adverb
そういえば、彼に会っていません。
Sō ieba, kare ni atteimasen.
Speaking of which, I haven't seen him.
しばらく② For a while, adverb
しばらく待ってください。
Shibaraku matte kudasai.
Please wait for a while.
Grammar Points
1. ~時、~ "When..."
When we want to express something that happens at a certain time or under a certain condition, we can use the structure 「~時、~」. This structure is very flexible and can be used with adjectives, adjectival nouns, and nouns.
Grammar | Explanation |
---|---|
Adjective + 時 | Indicates a state or condition |
Adjectival noun + な + 時 | Indicates a state or condition |
Noun + の + 時 | Indicates a specific time period |
Examples
- 子供の時、田舎の小さな村に住んでいた。
- Kodomo no toki, inaka no chiisana mura ni sundeita.
- When I was a child, I lived in a small village in the countryside.
- 天気がいい時、公園へ散歩に行きます。
- Tenki ga ii toki, kōen e sanpo ni ikimasu.
- When the weather is nice, I go for a walk in the park.
- 暇な時、遊びに行きましょう。
- Hima na toki, asobi ni ikimashō.
- Let's go out and play when we have free time.
- 天気がよくない時、出かけません。
- Tenki ga yokunai toki, dekakemasen.
- When the weather is bad, I don't go out.
2. ~ながら、~ "While..."
When we want to express two actions happening simultaneously, we can use the structure 「~ながら、~」. This structure is often used to describe someone doing two things at the same time, with the latter action being the main one.
Verb masu-stem, remove ます
Examples
- ビールを飲みながら 食事をしています。
- Bīru o nominagara shokuji o shiteimasu.
- I am eating while drinking beer.
- 電話をかけながら、運転をしています。
- Denwa o kakenagara, unten o shiteimasu.
- I am driving while talking on the phone.
3. ~でしょう(Confirmation)
When we want to confirm something or express speculation, we can use 「~でしょう」. This structure is often used to confirm something the other person is more familiar with.
Grammar | Explanation |
---|---|
Clause (plain form) + でしょう | Indicates confirmation or speculation |
Adjective 2 / Noun affirmative sentence without だ | Used to confirm something the other person is more familiar with |
Examples
- 王さん、明日のパーティーに来るでしょう。(↗)
- Ō-san, ashita no pātī ni kuru deshō. (↗)
- Wang, you will come to the party tomorrow, right?
- はい、行きます。
- Hai, ikimasu.
- Yes, I will.
- 日本語はつまらないですね。
- Nihongo wa tsumaranai desu ne.
- Japanese is boring, isn't it?
- えっ?つまらない?おもしろいでしょう。(↗)
- Eh? Tsumaranai? Omoshiroi deshō. (↗)
- Huh? Boring? It's interesting, right?
- えっ?つまらない?おもしろいでしょう。(↘)
- Eh? Tsumaranai? Omoshiroi deshō. (↘)
- Huh? Boring? I think it's interesting.
4. ~ています Indicates habitual or repeated actions
When we want to express habitual or repeated actions, we can use the structure 「~ています」. This structure is often used to describe daily habits or ongoing states.
Examples
- 毎朝、犬の散歩をしています。
- Maiasa, inu no sanpo o shiteimasu.
- I walk my dog every morning.
- この病院で、毎日、20人ぐらいの赤ちゃんが生まれています。
- Kono byōin de, mainichi, 20-nin gurai no akachan ga umareteimasu.
- About 20 babies are born every day at this hospital.
- 母は高校の教師をしています。
- Haha wa kōkō no kyōshi o shiteimasu.
- My mother is a high school teacher.
5. Noun + で Indicates cause
When we want to express the cause of something, we can use the structure 「Noun + で」. This structure is often used to describe natural phenomena, events, or occurrences.
The sentence should not end with a subjective statement.
Examples
- 王さんは病気で学校を休みます。
- Ō-san wa byōki de gakkō o yasumimasu.
- Wang is absent from school due to illness.
- 仕事で友達とカラオケへ行くことができません。
- Shigoto de tomodachi to karaoke e iku koto ga dekimasen.
- I can't go to karaoke with my friends because of work.
- 交通事故で電車が止まっています。
- Kōtsū jiko de densha ga tomatteimasu.
- The train has stopped due to a traffic accident.
6. The difference between particles 「と」 and 「に」
When we want to express the target of an action, we can use the particles 「と」 or 「に」. The difference between these particles lies in the nature of the action.
Particle | Explanation |
---|---|
に | Often indicates a one-sided action target |
と | Used for interactive actions, implying mutual or agreed-upon actions |
Examples
- 昨日山田に会いました。
- Kinō Yamada ni aimashita.
- I met Yamada yesterday.
- 昨日山田と会いました。
- Kinō Yamada to aimashita.
- I met with Yamada yesterday.
Cultural Knowledge
Japan's Education System
Japan's education system consists of elementary school, middle school, high school, and university. After graduating from high school, students can choose to continue their studies at a university or vocational school.
Japan's Respect for the Elderly
Japanese society highly respects the elderly, and this respect is reflected in various aspects of daily life, such as Respect for the Aged Day (敬老の日) and the availability of elderly care facilities.
Summary and Key Points
This lesson focused on time expressions like 「~時、~」 and cause explanations using 「Noun + で」. Through the structure 「~ながら、~」, we learned how to describe simultaneous actions. Additionally, we studied vocabulary related to school, occupations, and sports, such as 高校生, 教師, and 卓球.